Second, dams slow rivers. Who became the most powerful symbol of the reform impulse at the national level? In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. Then, in 1906, a devastating earthquake caused a series of fires in San Francisco that destroyed 25,000 buildings across 490 city blocks. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. As the Hetch Hetchy Valley was part of Yosemite National Park, Hitchcock preferred to protect the parks natural wonders. Some argued society required a distinctive female "sphere"wives and mothers. Does the decision to make a blockbuster movie mean that some other more 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. suffered defeat). San Francisco had its eyes on this water source early on and repeatedly tried to acquire water rights to the Tuolumne River. directly to the voters in general elections. This was a blow to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. On the other, the drowned valley has become an oasis of solitude in a national park that, in many places, has come to resemble a shopping mall parking lot more than a nature reserve. Like Muir, he was totally transfixed by the Hetch Hetchy Valley. They also argued that it would help the temperance movementgiving the largest group of supporters a political voice. Level. o Interest groups. Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC): formed to coordinate the activities of local organizations. In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. National opinion divided between giving San Francisco the right to dam the valley and preserving the valley from development. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. Modern Women found themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions. By 1919,how many states had granted women the right to vote? More Than Just Parks | National Parks Guides. San Francisco received permission to build a dam in Hetchy Hetch Valley, a part of Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy. But how did the dam get to be here? In these magazines he articulated the diverse system that we now understand as public lands, a system that combines the preservation of national parks like Yosemite with a system of forests, protected by the federal government but open to every Americans use. At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. Pinchot was recognized as a leader of the conservation movement. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. Many blamed the Wobblies for dynamiting railroad lines, power stations, and other acts Within a few weeks the panic passed, with only minimal effects on the country. He felt reform was a vehicle for protecting it against radical challenges. How did they accomplish their goals? High temperatures prevail in summer months, but its a small price to pay for the reward of vast wilderness filled with stunning peaks, hidden canyons, and remote lakes. Next to John Muir, the most vocal defender of the Hetch Hetchy Valley was Harriet Monroe. Muir famously said, Dam Hetch Hetchy! What is the Nineteenth Amendment? It also was an early battle of conservatives vs progressives. William Howard Taft became president in 1909. Denouncing dam proponents as greedy, he wrote, These temple destroyers, devotees of ravaging commercialism, seem to have a perfect contempt for Nature, and instead of lifting their eyes to the God of the Mountains, life them to the Almighty Dollar. He would sign what is known as the 1897 Organic Act into law. West and East. The founder of the Sierra Club worshiped the outdoor world. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? The people of San Francisco won and were able to build a reservoir in the valley. Roosevelt: Ultimately, after Cleveland threw out a congressional bill to withhold appropriations for the Forest Commissions new reserves, the issue landed at the feet of President William McKinley. For example, plan to stop at the Lucky Buck Cafe on your way to or from a day of exploring Yosemite. Taft made Richard A. Ballinger as He discovered it a few of years later. o Led by Eugene Debs But many residents of San Francisco worried about finding enough water to serve their growing population, and saw the valley as an ideal place for a reservoir. o One of the few labor organizations of the time to champion the cause of unskilled workers o Declining family size The first people, outside of Native Americans, to see the Hetch Hetchy Valley were Joseph, Nate and William Screechin 1850. Today, the National Park and U.S. Forest Service embody the legacy of Muir and Pinchots alliance. Furthermore, they provided a place for the wild plants and creatures to live out their own lives, according to their purposes. Why did some progressives oppose business? Albert Bierstadt was known for his sweeping landscapes of the American West. Enjoy elegant touches like wrap-around porches, and fresh-baked cookies served daily. Due to Union pressures, other similar laws were passed in This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. Municipal government (city) became one of the first targets of those working for political reform. The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, 1903-13 Additional Resources in the Library of Congress The Library of Congress's General Collections include many materials related to the Hetch Hetchy controversy: books, pamphlets, and government documents. o Some felt that we needed to help the new residents adapt to American society. Hetch Hetchy, for the time being, was safe, and it would not be inundated during Roosevelts watch.. movement. John Muir ( / mjr / MURE; April 21, 1838 - December 24, 1914), [1] also known as "John of the Mountains" and "Father of the National Parks ", [2] [3] was an influential Scottish-American [4] [5] : 42 naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, botanist, zoologist, glaciologist, and early advocate for the preservation of wilderness in . Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with . What one Secretary of the Interior giveth, another taketh away. What was Taft's first problem in the opening months of his administration? Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. Formerly called Buck Meadows Restaurant and Bar, the new caf crosses rustic-mountain flair with roadside cafe friendliness. Using executive powers, Roosevelt restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped government landmost in the Westadding them to the previously modest national forest system. conditions of the industrial workplace. What should be the fate of prairies, wetlands, or coastal marshes? Explain. Money became extremely tight. Second, the sanctity of the national parks which they believed should not be violated. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter Calculate the return on investment for 2,0002,0002,000 shares of a mutual fund purchased with an offer price of $15.83\$ 15.83$15.83 if the shares were sold with a NAV of $18.72\$ 18.72$18.72. First mass organization among women devoted to social reform. Who was Robert La Follette? C. favored the direct election of United States senators. o Banning campaign contributions by corporations Building a dam there was off the table. Mirror Lakes famous spring-time reflections capture the eye and mind. Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. What was it committed to? "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. In the mountainous West, land set aside for homesteading sat unclaimed, too distant and treacherous for prospective farmers, and entirely unprotected by the government. It limited the ability of individuals to control their own destinies. And, as you might imagine, it produces some of the cleanest municipal water in the United States. Opposition was led by John Muir and the Sierra Club. Describe the emergence of the "New Woman" at the end of the nineteenth century. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. positive or normative? Other trails also continue to Lake Vernon. o Faith in knowledge: applying to society the principles of natural and social sciences. o Many had been trapped inside the burning building because management had locked the should exist only if they benefited the middle-class. Utilizing its superior resources, the city produced a detailed report which made a compelling case that, far from damaging the beauty of Yosemite, the dam would actually enhance it. Once again, the political pendulum would swing. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). As we learned from Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, humankind can damage the environment while attempting to control it. March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers. Some clubs were important in winning passage of state (and ultimately federal) laws that regulated the food and drug industries, reformed policies with Native Americans, urban housing, manufacture and sale of alcohol, child labor laws, women's pensions. It was such an evening as I have never had before or since. This friendship was critical to the success of the National Forest Commission. The exploitation of Californias natural resources continued unabated in the years leading up to Hetch Hetchy. Congress has set aside the Yosemite Valley as a state park in 1864, established a national park around it in 1890, and then reclaimed the valley as part of the national park in 1903. o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. Roosevelt and his followers left the convention and the party. Yet we tend to focus on the latter, the story that pits Muir and Pinchot against each other. The battle over Hetch Hetchy was a fight to determine whether a beautiful valley would remain in its natural state or service the growing city of San Franciscos water needs. o 146 workers (most women) died. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the Federal Government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. o They supported pacifism and labor organizing On the one hand, Hetch Hetchy Reservoir is an incontrovertible stain on the map of American environmentalism. He had journeyed to Washington to lobby the federal government on behalf of the project. . Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. Franklin Lane served as the attorney for the city of San Francisco in 1903. Progressives involved in reform placed emphasis on knowledge and expertise (examplesocial work). Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. The second concept is preservation. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. Located at 3,900 feet, it boasts one of the longest hiking seasons in the park. The first is utilitarian conservation. Why did voter turnout decline in the early twentieth century? Your email address will not be published. . o Primary Election: an attempt to take the selection of candidates away from the bosses and give No spam. the 1914 elections. There is a third concept, too, though it was little understood at the time. Prominent sponsors of the dam proposal, particularly (by then former) Mayor James Phelan and city engineer Marsdon Manson (and later his successor, Michael OShaughnessy), quietly lobbied key figures in the government, trusting that the appeal of municipal water and power would easily win supporters amid the prevailing progressive political climate. Which statement about education in the late nineteenth century is FALSE? Her poetic descriptions of Hetch hetchy won her the attention of powerful members of Congress. Founded in 1903 by Jane Addams, Mary Anderson and other trade unionists, the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) devoted itself to securing better occupational conditions for women and encouraging women to join the labor movement. View of the OShaughnessy Dam and the Hetchy Hetchy Road and parking. The spacious rooms include access to a heated swimming pool, spa, playground, and laundry facilities. According to the philosophy of pragmatism, society should be guided by. As a 13.4-mile (21.4 km) round-trip hike, Rancheria Falls gets fewer day-hikers than Wapama Falls but is a popular backpacking stop. In national parks, preservation reigns king, the natural world kept, as best it can be, in its natural state. On U.S. Forest Service land, the interests of mining and lumber companies are balanced with the recreational pursuits of hunters, snowmobilers, and cross-country skiers. Who were the muckrakers? Hetch Hetchy was a spectacular, high walled valley, in the Yosemite National Park, and was popular with naturalists such as Muir and other Sierra Club members. Did Roosevelt run for a third term? The landscape painter Bierstadt, who brought his German Romantic training to the valley in 1862, gave the world an even larger portrait, and one in extravagant color, that photographers could not match on any scale. While Wilson was an advocate for reform there were some issues he wasn't ready to endorsewomen's suffrage and racial tension/segregation. Their rivalry spoke to rivalries at the core of the American experience. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. This valley was isolated and remote, twenty miles northwest of the original. Rounding the corner and catching the first glimpses of Hetch Hetchy Valley reveals the play of light on water. When changes are made there are unintended consequences. What sparked the settlement house movement? The Hetch Hetchy Valley was within Yosemite National Park and protected by the federal government, leaving it up to Congress to decide the valley's fate. This 1910 view shows Kolana Rock and Tueeulala Falls in the background. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. o Teaching History. Browers Hetch Hetchy: Undoing A Great American Mistake, makes a compelling case for restoring the valley to its previous glory. His popularity continued to increase and many felt he would go against tradition and run for a third term. Before they could break ground at the OShaughnessy Dam, more infrastructure was required. Within the ranks of the Sierra Club, there was a split between those San Francisco members who favored the dams municipal use versus those who believed this pristine area should not be tampered with under any circumstances. He brought together a coalition that would support his program. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. Us too! needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. o Longer life expectancy Materials: 14 Document Facsimiles He produced at least four oil paintings of the valley one of which is prominently displayed in Mount Holyoke Colleges art museum. Even a short stroll from the car gives a magnificent view of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir from the OShaughnessy Dam. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. If youre excited about a long hike or backpacking trip, you can continue to Laurel Lake for a 14.2-mile (22.9 km) out and back. Today the Hetch Hetchy Valley is under 300 feet of water and while we may no longer be able to see the valley as it once was, our view has merely been changed. Her influence helped spark the settlement house Photo: Herbert W. Gleason courtesy of the Sierra Club. Newlands Reclamation Act: Definition. In his classic account of the controversy in Wilderness and the American Mind (1967), Roderick Nash concluded that "The extent and vigor of the resistance to San Francisco's plans for Hetch Hetchy constituted tangible evidence for the existence of a wilderness cult [in the United States]. o They agreed on the need for basic structural changes in the economy but differed in their approach. City Manager Plan: elected officials hired an outside expertoften a professionally trained business professional organizations, trade associations representing businesses and In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. . had more authority in the west then the state and municipal governments. Born in Massachusetts, educated at Fisk University and Harvard. o Commander of the Rough Riders Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. John Muir knew that without public support, the Hetch Hetchy Valley would be lost. Why did Roosevelt push for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act? AMA called for strict, scientific standards. Called for arbitration between the groups. Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. Report scam, HUMANITIES, Winter 2020, Volume 41, Number 1, The National Endowment for the Humanities, State and Jurisdictional Humanities Councils, HUMANITIES: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities, SUBSCRIBE FOR HUMANITIES MAGAZINE PRINT EDITION, Sign up for HUMANITIES Magazine newsletter, The Founder of the Appalachian Trail Imagined Something Even Grander, Chronicling America: History American Newspapers. In the foreground, the deep still water of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir reflects sunshine, clouds and the proud shadows of the surrounding mountains. San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. How did Teddy Roosevelt become president? Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. State governments responded by requiring the licensing of all physicians. How did Roosevelt respond to Taft's presidency? While John Muir led the fight against building the dam, the opposition was supported by Gifford Pinchot. To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. Although Wilson got only 42% popular vote, he won an overwhelming electoral victory and a Democratic majority in congress. Subjects: 28 apush chapter . . If the nation set aside some natural places as especially sacred, how far beyond their borders should a sense of the sacred extend? It became a powerful movement within American Protestantism. Jane Addams was an important social worker. As he looked to more reforms, a divide between the president and conservative wing of his A second crash occurred in October 1907, and was precipitated when, using money borrowed from F. Augustus Heinze, Heinze's brothers failed in their attempts to corner United Copper. Explain your answer. The chief began packing up and, when Nate asked him why, he replied, The valley is yours now., Far below them, the river cascaded into a peaceful valley floor, a heavenly setting similar to that of the main Yosemite Valley. Some endorsed the radical goals of European Marxists Explain. The privately owned Spring Valley Water Company had required its customers to pay exorbitant rates for years. America needed enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies to create stability. o Disputes over waterrivers and streams that crossed state lineswho controlled? What impact did it have on the temperance movement? What did the club movement allow women to do? It was one of the central institutions of the urban machine. 02/08/2011. The law imposed a heavy tax on products of child labor. Pinchot wrote that the men felt like guilty schoolboys the next morning, returning to their hotel to assure their travel companions they hadnt fallen into the chasm. had particular strength in the West. The text of this article is available for unedited republication, free of charge, using the following credit: Originally published as Friends of the Land: John Muir and Gifford Pinchotin the Winter 2020issue ofHumanitiesmagazine, a publication of the National Endowment for the Humanities. Please notify us at@emailif you are republishing it or have any questions. o Referendum: provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the . Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. Tammany Hall (NY Political Machine) began to use their political power on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child laborers, and eliminate the worst abuses of the industrial Garfield was responding to critics who believed that the federal governments primary responsibility was to use the nations public resources for development in the service for the greatest number of people. The evidence was Between 1908 and 1913, Congress debated whether to make a water resource available or preserve a wilderness when the growing city of San Francisco, California proposed building a dam in the Hetch Hetchy Valley to provide a steady water supply. These helped to advance the What was the social gospel Apush quizlet? Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. They also remove water needed for healthy in-stream ecosystems. Buck Meadows is also a great place to spend the night. His path roughly follows the John Muir Highway State Highway 132 that runs from Highway 49 in Coulterville up through Greeley Hill before connecting back into Highway 120 before Buck Meadows and the turn-off to Hetch Hetchy. Not far from there, youll find more budget-minded lodging at Buck Meadows Lodge. Where did Roosevelt and Taft gain support for becoming the Republican presidential candidate? party continued to develop. Sheep roamed across these unclaimed lands, clearing grass for miles. The water winds between granite features like Kolana Rock and Hetch Hetchy Dome. Monroe went on to lobby members of Congress as the battle moved to Washington D.C. She was a tireless advocate who believed that people needed to be educated in order to do what was best for everyone involved. Lukas Keel was an intern withHumanitiesmagazine. 1902 in ordered the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Antitrust Act against a new railroad monopoly in the NorthwestNorthern Securities Companyenterprise pieced together by J.P. Morgan and others. People have died after being swept off the bridge and onto the rocks below. It is part of our More than Just Parks Environmental Heroes series. Reformers viewed state legislatures as corruptincompetent, corrupt, controlled by party bosses. And today there is even an organization, Restore Hetch Hetchy, which is committed to doing just that. Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. The election offered voters several choices: Wilson's New Freedom, Taft's conservatism, Roosevelt's progressivism, or the Socialist Party Policies of Eugene B. Debs. He was upset with Taft and felt he was the only one that could reunite the Republican Party. What impact did Roosevelt have on American conservation? It pitted Gifford Pinchot, America's first forester, against John Muir, America's legendary conservationist. Only a tiny proportion of Yosemites visitors explore this out-of-the-way corner of the national park. It spans 900 feet (270 m) with a 17-foot (5.2 m) wide trail across the top that hikers use to cross to the opposite side. First, the beauty of the valley which they felt should not be sacrificed to build a dam. As Clayton writes, the 1897 act and MuirsAtlanticandHarperspieces are as much a climax to the Muir-Pinchot story as Hetch Hetchy. o Nursing. It pitted Gifford Pinchot, Americas first forester, against John Muir, Americas legendary conservationist. But during peak spring flow, the thundering waterfall can wash over the bridge making it dangerous to cross. The same features that make Hetch Hetchy Valley so spectacular also make it an ideal location for a dam. had the right to be expanded. Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, wrote that Franklin Lanes appointment to the cabinet was made specifically for the purpose of pushing this [Hetch Hetchy project], the so-called Raker-Pittman Bill. (Source: The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy, Robert W. Righter). At a series of book talks, supported by Humanities Montana, Clayton has found that these conflicts still resonate deeply with audiences. For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. Helped turn his state into what reformers across the nation called the "laboratory of progressivism". Some argued that an Equal Rights Amendment should also be passed, but this got little attention. o New York City police commissioner What impact did muckrakers have on the American public? Utopian vision of a Harvard forestry grad, Scam Advisory: Recent reports indicate that individuals are posing as the NEH on email and social media. Coming from the San Francisco Bay Area youll pass right through Buck Meadows on Highway 120. What was the WTUL? o Creation of a commission to regulate public utilities. Others felt it was a threat to freedom. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. Years before Hetch Hetchy, the two men were friends. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. economy. be the Republican candidate. Plus, they needed a way to bring supplies and workers into the mountains. o Assistant secretary of the navyproponent of expansion Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. 1910 congressional elections brought progressive incumbents back to office (conservative Republicans Strengthen the government's ability to break up trusts. Aspire to be professionals. What was the Socialist Party of America? Were they successful? The battle went on for over a decade over whether or not to have a dam. They poured an estimated total of more than 398,000 cubic yards (304,000 cubic meters) of concrete to form the dam.
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