According to Jeffrey Haas, no one was actually on the roof when the police charged. Outraged that he could have been killed himself, O'Neal attempts to quit being an informant, but Mitchell refuses. Mitchell corners O'Neal into helping with the plan by warning him that the BPP will retaliate against him if they find out he's an informant, and O'Neal reluctantly agrees to help. 2023 Hampton was in prison from May 27, 1969, until Aug. 13, when he was released on bond while the state supreme court considered his appeal. TheChicagoSun-Timesreleased documents that show Hoover was explicitly involved in the raid to kill Fred Hampton, Judas and the Black Messiah screenwriters Keith and Kenny Lucas explained to Vulture. 1 (Hardcover) Wakanda #2. In 1965, he organized a chapter of the youth branch of the NAACP, leading a campaign for a public pool in Maywood. He was put in prison for allegedly murdering a police officer during a traffic stop, leading to a popular cry: Free Huey! (In Judas and the Black Messiah, Hoover says, Prison made Huey Newton a celebrity.) You can see extended interview footage of Newton speaking from prison during this period when he wasnt in solitary confinement in Agns Vardas essential Black Panthers documentary. [31] The film was re-added to HBO Max on July 1, 2021. Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Prior to showing up as William ONeal, the FBI informant who infiltrated the Black Panther Party in the in order to get a lightened sentence, LaKeith Stanfield made a name for himself in movies like Selma, Dope, and Straight Outta Compton, but his turn as Darius Epps on the FX series Atlanta and appearance in Get Out kicked things up a notch. An early scene shows J. Edgar Hoover (Martin Sheen) railing about the need to prevent the rise of a black messiah who could unite the left; his speech draws heavily from an infamous March 4, 1968, memo laying out the programs goals with regard to Black Nationalist-Hate Groups. Judas and the Black Messiah shows Hoover personally ordering Hamptons assassination. It took years for the facts around Hamptons killing to become public, thanks to a vigorous government effort to cover them up. The version of the story in Judas and the Black Messiah is reconstructed from the testimony of the Black Panthers who were there and later revelations about the governments involvement, but some of its facts are still disputed, and the movies depiction doesnt match the actual events in a few key regards. Heres how it works. Theres one regard in which the police were a little less bloodthirsty than they appear to be in Judas and the Black Messiah: The film shows three officers spraying the living room wall with machine guns, but in reality only one officer, Groth, brought along a machine gun. [27][28], As part of its plans for all of its 2021 films, Warner Bros. Pictures also streamed the film simultaneously on the HBO Max service for a period of one month, after which the film played exclusively in theatres until the start of the normal home media release schedule period. It was Groth who allegedly met with either ONeal or Mitchell on Dec. 2, where he was given ONeals sketch of the apartment, a key piece of evidence in eventually establishing FBI involvement. On Nov. 26, Hamptons appeal was denied. ), COINTELPRO, the FBIs secret effort to subvert and discredit disfavored political groups, including civil rights organizations and the Black Power movement, was just as vile in real life as it appears to be in Judas and the Black Messiah. Algee Smith, who plays Black Panther Spurgeon Winters in the film, admits that there isnt a lot of information available about the man his character is based on. He fired the single bullet from the Panthers side, only after being shot by police. That name-dropping includes Frank Franko Diggs, who was one of the closest people to Bunchy Carter in the South California BPP, and was the reputed leader of the BPPs local underground apparatus. Darrell Britt-Gibson appears as Bobby Rush, the co-founder of the Black Panther's Illinois chapter. Bunchy and number-two-ranked John Huggins were killed on the UCLA campus during a confrontation with a rival group, the U.S. Organization, with whom the BPP often battled for recruits. These books give us a record of our times via the moments best comic minds. These two characters are composites of real women who were members of the Black Panther Party. In pop culture, Sheen is best known for his starring role as Kit in Badlands andCaptain Benjamin L. Willard in Apocalypse Now. Along with fellow BPP captains Steve Bartholomew and Robert Lawrence, Lewis was shot by the Los Angeles Police Department in daylight, after they pulled into a gas station. In Judas and the Black Messiah, the Panthers first contact with the Young Patriots is a lot more dramatic: Fred Hampton (who wasnt actually at that first meeting) marches a group of Panthers into a Young Patriot meeting and, ignoring the giant Confederate flag on the wall, convinces the crowd that the two groups have a common interest. However, the police didnt cause Robersons death by transferring him from one hospital to another as they do with Jimmy Palmer in the movie. The third leg of the stool was the Young Lords, a Puerto Rican gang that was making the jump to political action. In early 1989, William O'Neal participated in a taping for the civil rights television series "Eyes on the Prize II." During the episode, O'Neal discussed how he was recruited to be an informant. Fred Hampton, a young, charismatic activist, becomes Chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party - putting him directly in the crosshairs of the government, the FBI, and the Chicago Police. ONeal did kill himself on Jan. 15, but it was at 2:30 in the morning, after spending the evening before hanging out with his uncle. If you didnt know any better, you would think Judas and the Black Messiah was a reunion for the cast of Get Out considering the presence of the films two leads as well as Lil Rel Howery, who played Rod Williams in Jordan Peeles 2017 socially-charged horror drama. Things you buy through our links may earnVox Mediaa commission. O'Neal begins to relay intel to Mitchell, who in return compensates him with money. Fred Hampton (Daniel Kaluuya), the central figure in Judas and the Black Messiah, was only 21 when he was gunned down by police officers in a pre-dawn raid on his apartment. It fit uncomfortably well. The film could not have been released at a more important time, when the struggles and tribulations of influential activists like Fred Hampton, the "Black Messiah" himself, are as relevant today as they were in the late 1960s. I mean, we had very few role models back then; we had Malcolm X, we had Martin Luther King, we had Muhammad Ali, and I had an FBI agent. You cant have a movie about the FBI taking advantage of someones misfortune without having an overbearing handler like Jesse Plemons Roy Mitchell in Judas and the Black Messiah. We made some artistic choices to include Hoover in our narrative, and have him conscious and aware of what was happening, but that wasnt active. TheJudas and the Black Messiahcast brings the story of a man who infiltrated the Black Panthers to life with several recognizable stars. Heres whats real and whats invented. Speaking about the Rainbow Coalition decades later, he said The Rainbow Coalition was more than just a gang of activists or folks trying to gain one or two small victories what we wanted was revolutionary change., The Black Panthers found an ally in the anti-capitalist Young Patriots Organization, a group of white Southerners who used Confederate flags and cowboy iconography. That incident is faithfully reproduced in the film, but as Fishback explained in an interview with Who What Wear, although she met Njeri during filming, the movies version of Johnson is primarily fictional, because Njeri has studiously kept personal details about her time with Hampton to herself, even in her out-of-print 1991 memoir, My Life With the Black Panther Party. He later became a Mormon, a Reagan-loving Republican, and a fashion designer. Next:Every New Movie & TV Show Releasing On HBO Max In 2021. The night before Hamptons assassination, Rush happened to return to his own apartment, a decision he says saved his life. [33], Writing for Variety, Peter Debruge praised Stanfield's performance and said, "The powerful film puts the current moment into fresh historical context and suggests that ambivalence can be its own form of betrayal. The late FBI director J. Edgar Hoover (played by Martin Sheen in the film) oversaw the forced dismantling of the Black Panther Party by means of a counterintelligence program known as COINTELPRO. jimmy palmer black panther. Judas and the Black Messiah isnt the first time that Mitchell has had his work represented in a film in 1964, he helped solve the murder of three civil-rights workers, a case that inspired the movie Mississippi Burning. Weekend Box Office Clears $1M+; Kelly Marie Tran & Carlos Lopez Estrada Welcome 'Raya' El Capitan Fans As Pic Posts Firm No. [6], In February 2019, it was announced Daniel Kaluuya and LaKeith Stanfield had joined the cast of the film, with Ryan Coogler producing and Warner Bros. Pictures distributing. The ballistic evidence in the apartment, however, pointed unequivocally toward a scenario like the one we see on screen, in which the police opened fire from outside the door, sprayed the apartment with bullets indiscriminately, and executed Hampton with two point-blank shots to the head. Fowler portrayed Russell in Crashing, Graham in Buffaloed, and voiced Pete Repeat in BoJack Horseman. About a hundred bullets had been fired in. O'Neal is assigned to infiltrate the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party (BPP) and its leader, Fred Hampton. Lakeith Stanfield co-stars as William O'Neal, an FBI informant who becomes a security captain for the Black Panthers. Daniel Kaluuyas portrayal of Fred Hampton in Judas and the Black Messiah has already earned the British actor several awards nominations with more surely on the way. The Black Panthers claimed that the police had opened fire first. Over the years, Longstreet has been a part of the cast of movies like Pineapple Express and The Old Man & the Gun as well as countless smaller roles on shows like Matlock and Dawsons Creek. Portraying Black Panther Party Chicago chapter co-founder (and future U.S. Freevees new series will determine whos the greatest reality-TV contestant across. Photo illustration by Slate. Turns Out They Are A Major Plot Point In The Movie. Black Panther: Directed by Ryan Coogler. And outside of the two main leads, Judas and the Black Messiah has a cast that is absolutely stacked with actors who have appeared everywhere from The West Wing to Fargo and from Atlanta to The Wire. Daniel Kaluuya stars as Fred Hampton, the Deputy Chairman of the Illinois Black Panther party. The best of movies, TV, books, music, and more, delivered to your inbox three times a week. He is approached by FBI Special Agent Roy Mitchell, who offers to have O'Neal's charges dropped if he works undercover for the bureau. She told PBS in an interview for Eyes on the Prize about introducing herself to Hampton after a speech he gave at Wright Junior College; according to a later interview, they discussed poetry. Berson's version almost got made with F. Gary Gray directing, but, when that fell through, King was hired to direct. Seeking to address the dearth of Black characters in comics, Lee and Kirby created T'Challa, a member of the royal family of the fictional African country of Wakanda. Perhaps the most prolific name attached to Shaka Kings moving drama, Sheen has appeared in hundreds of movies, shows, documentaries, and other productions over the course of his decades-spanning career. In the same scene, ONeal also name drops Tommy Lewis, who died on August 5, 1968. Berson and King moved the mystery man on the roof detail to the August gunfight in order to make William ONeal accidentally responsible for the shootout. Former DePaul University theater student Ashton Sanders, who plays Panther member Jimmy Palmer, says he learned about the Panthers' legacy while on set. More than 50 years . Nick Fink portrayed Sean in The Fosters andRyan Clarke in Legacies. What Shows Have Been Renewed or Canceled. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google their first conversation was about poetry, Speaking about the Rainbow Coalition decades later, a Mormon, a Reagan-loving Republican, and a fashion designer, In the words of former BPP member Elaine Brown, first recruit to join the Black Panther cause, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. He died in 1990 and a medical examiner determined the cause of death was suicide. He also appeared as Trunk in Keanu and Jerome inThree Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri. From Apocalypse Now to The Departed and The West Wing to Grace and Frankie, Sheen has been a longtime fixture of Hollywood, one who continues to turn out great performances even as he turns 80 years old. Related:The Most Anticipated Movies of 2021. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. The film distorts one aspect in the interest of drama: Hampton meets with the Crowns in an abandoned, decrepit church building that seems to serve as their headquarters. The 1973 Chicago Tribune article that revealed ONeal was an informant told the story a little differently: In their version, in 1968 a Chicago police officer pulled ONeal over in a stolen car, at which point he calmly told the arresting policeman that he was an FBI agent, and produced phony identification to prove it, which got him handed over to the feds. More recently, Britt-Gibson has shown up in movies like Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, Just Mercy, and The Unicorn, as well as shows like Barry and Youre The Worst. I have been through the offices of the FBI wearing sneakers and a dirty T-shirt with Mitchell. After that version fell through, Berson and King rewrote his script with help from the Lucas brothers. Lil Rel Howery portrayed Rod Williams in Get Out and Charliein Bird Box. He became disillusioned with nonviolent protest after observing Martin Luther King Jr.s Chicago campaign, and when a 1967 rally he organized turned violent after the police tear-gassed the crowd, both local police and the FBI began surveilling him. Ashton Sanders as Jimmy Palmer:Jake's close friend, aBlack Panther member who is shot by police. Jimmy Palmer (Ashton Sanders) In Judas and the Black Messiah, a character named Jimmy Palmer (played by Ashton Sanders) attempts to stand against police harassment, and then dies. Actor: Get Out. The gunfight lasted about 30 minutes and ended with the arrest of three male Black Panthers; five police officers were wounded. Algee Smith portrays Jake Winters, one of Fred's party members. Hill portrayed Jojo Reese in Blue Bloods and Spencer in Love, Simon. Black Panther By John Ridley Vol. Despite their Confederate iconography, the group was aligned with the political left, and they fought with the Coalition towards antiracist and anticapitalist goals. The agent (played by Jesse Plemons, pictured above) who recruits ONeal as an informant had a real-life extensive history getting intel for the FBI; according to his obituary in the Chicago Tribune, he specialized in persuading witnesses to talk. Mitchell had nine informants within the Black Panthers leading up to the assassination of Fred Hampton. The party's original purpose was to patrol African American neighbourhoods to protect residents from acts of police brutality. It was a needle-moving, eye-opening and completely step-outside-of-the-comfort-zone experience. Judas and the Black Messiah is a 2021 biographical crime drama film about the betrayal of Fred Hampton (played by Daniel Kaluuya), chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party in late-1960s Chicago, by William O'Neal (played by LaKeith Stanfield), an FBI informant. We encountered an issue signing you up. Black Panther: The Early Years Omnibus (Hardcover) The work prepared him for his role as chairman of the Illinois Black Panther Party, and his efforts in creating the Rainbow Coalition, a diverse group comprised of members of the Latinx Young Lords, the white Young Patriots, the Red Guard Party, the American Indian Movement, the Brown Berets, and more, which tackled issues of poverty, anti-racism, corruption, police brutality, and housing in Chicago. Also mentioned in passing by ONeal, Lil Bobby Hutton was 16 years old when he joined the BPP in Oakland, later taking on the role of treasurer. Sanders appeared in Straight Outta Compton in 2015, but he properly entered the spotlight the following year with a career-making performance as the teenage version of Chiron in the Academy Award-winning coming-of-age drama Moonlight. In the film, the police are outside the Black Panther headquarters harassing people in broad daylight in retaliation for the Jimmy Palmer shooting and call for reinforcements after seeing fictional Black Panther Judy Harmon (Dominique Thorne) brandishing a shotgun in a second-story window. Dominique Fishback has said that taking on the role of Deborah Johnson, the fiance of Fred Hampton and mother of his son, was a transformative experience that changed her life. and Tiara Thomas), Alexa L. Fogel, Donna Belajac, Elizabeth Berra and Missy Finnell, Shaka King, Will Berson, Kenny Lucas and Keith Lucas, Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture, Will Berson & Shaka King and Kenny and Keith Lucas, Robert Longstreet as Leslie Carlyle, Mitchell's FBI colleague, This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 16:02. Greg Warren dared to go where no comedian has gone before. But with so many faces both the known and unknown being featured throughout the tense drama, keeping up with everyone isnt the easiest of tasks. In its true story of how informant William ONeal (LaKeith Stanfield) infiltrated the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party in the late 1960s, director Shaka Kings film highlights historical details and lives that have rarely been given mainstream focus. On the day of January 15th, 1990 William O'Neal was a forty-year-old man who'd been drinking with his uncle into the early-morning hours of Martin Luther King Day before running into westbound. In real life, the FBI attempted to engineer a feud between the Rangers and Panthers by sending Fort an anonymous letter warning him the Panthers wanted to kill him. "[45], Judas and the Black Messiah (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), Judas and the Black Messiah: The Inspired Album, African-American Film Critics Association Awards, Outstanding Breakthrough Performance, Female, DallasFort Worth Film Critics Association Awards, Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture, Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role, Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards, "Who's Who in Judas and the Black Messiah: A Character Guide", "How 'Judas and the Black Messiah' Reflects Charles D. King's Macro Vision", "Ryan Coogler & MACRO Set Black Panthers Pic With Warner Bros; Daniel Kaluuya & LaKeith Stanfield In Talks To Star", "Jesse Plemons & 'The Deuce' Actress Dominique Fishback Join Daniel Kaluuya & LaKeith Stanfield In WB's Black Panthers Pic 'Jesus Was My Homeboy', "Movie on NAACP martyr Fred Hampton filming in Mansfield", "42 days and it's a wrap! Winters was said to have been gunned down immediately after executing a wounded Rappaport with a point-blank shot to the head, as seen in the movie. Judas and the Black Messiah is based on the true story of FBI informant William ONeal and his role in the 1969 killing of Fred Hampton, chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party. Photos by Hulton Archive/Getty Images and Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. Narcisse, Serwer. 99+ Photos Biography Drama History Offered a plea deal by the FBI, William O'Neal infiltrates the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party to gather intelligence on Chairman Fred Hampton. [4] The title cards state that O'Neal continued to work as an informant within the BPP before committing suicide in 1990. One of the reasons Fred Hampton was particularly threatening to the FBI was that he was able to successfully build coalitions between activist groups, even across racial lines. The first, titled Judas and the Black Messiah (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack), featured incerpts from the film's score composed by Mark Isham and Craig Harris. Congressman) Bobby Rush is Darrell Britt-Gibson, who took on the role of Darius O-Dog Hill on David Simons crime series in the shows final two seasons. According to Jeffrey Haas, as one of the few Panthers with mechanical and carpentry skills, ONeal took charge of the repairs to the offices after the Oct. 4 raid, as seen in the film. Theres no evidence this happened, but recently FOIAd memos reveal that Hoover was aware of the bureaus involvement in Hamptons death. (That any of the police brought a machine gun for what they claimed was the routine service of a search warrant is a whole other matter.) Judd Apatow Just Revealed The Knocked Up Baby Is 17 Now, And I've Never Felt Older, The Internet Cant Stop, Wont Stop Taking Shots At Flounder And Sebastian In The Little Mermaid, A Woman Had A 'Screaming Orgasm' During A Performance At The Walt Disney Concert Hall, Christina Hall Had A Great Weekend Away, Now Might Have An Idea For Her Next Christina On The Coast Spinoff, Ben Affleck Reveals Why He Walked Away From His Batman Movie, Harrison Ford Opens Up About Emotionally Reliving 2015's Near-Fatal Plane Crash Via Jacob Dutton's Injury In 1923, Will There Be More Guardians Of The Galaxy After Vol. Along with reckoning with the horrific assassination of party chairman Fred Hampton (Daniel Kaluuya) by Chicago Police, the FBI, and the States Attorneys Office, the film also celebrates Hamptons power as an orator and man of the people, as well as the impact of his organization on the city of Chicago: the breakfast programs, the free health care, the Rainbow Coalition, and more. ONeals aversion to politics and his tendency to push the Panthers toward violence are both shown in the film. Marrying the Ghost of Karl Lagerfeld at the 2023 Met Gala. By submitting your email, you agree to our Terms and Privacy Policy and to receive email correspondence from us. Three months later, FBI agent Roy Mitchell contacted ONeal, told him he knew hed stolen the car, and offered him the opportunity to avoid prosecution by working as an informant. Will Berson had also written a Hampton screenplay about the same time and it was in early stages of production, with F. Gary Gray in talks to direct, Casey Affleck and John Powers Middleton in negotiations to produce, and Jaden Smith and O'Shea Jackson Jr. being eyed to portray Hampton. [18] It features an original song titled "Fight for You" performed by H.E.R., who also co-wrote it with D'Mile and Tiara Thomas. This group was part of Hamptons Rainbow Coalition, and was led by William Preacherman Fesperman (played by Nick Fink), who guided the YPO to adopting Black Panther ideas like free breakfast service and health care for their community. [3], Compared to Land with limited expansion of Willy's Wonderland and The Mauritanian, Judas and the Black Messiah made $2.5 million from 1,888 theaters over its four-day opening weekend, finishing second at the box office behind holdover The Croods: A New Age. After 3 months in production, 2 years in development and just over 50 years after the assassination of Chairman Fred Hampton, my heart is full of gratitude, respect and love. At the age of 17, Hutton was killed while trying to surrender after a shootout with Oakland police that involved Eldridge Cleaver. 52 (July 1966). Stay tuned", "Ryan Coogler's Fred Hampton Biopic Has a New Name: 'Judas and the Black Messiah', "Oscars Predictions: Best Original Score James Newton Howard Guns for His First Oscar for 'News of the World', "Judas and the Black Messiah (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Craig Harris and Mark Isham on Apple Music", "Stream 'Judas and the Black Messiah: The Inspired Album' f/ Jay-Z, ASAP Rocky, Nipsey Hussle, and More", "Critic Reviews for Judas and the Black Messiah: The Inspired Album", "Billboard 200 Chart February 27, 2021", "Judas and the Black Messiah' to Premiere at Sundance Film Festival", "Warner Bros Sets Release Dates For 'The Matrix' Sequel, 'The Flash' & More; 'Akira' Off Schedule", "See Daniel Kaluuya as Black Panther leader Fred Hampton in, "Warner Bros. to Debut Entire 2021 Film Slate, Including 'Dune' and 'Matrix 4,' Both on HBO Max and In Theaters", "Was 'Zack Snyder's Justice League' a Hit for HBO Max? Satchel also helped the Panthers pursue free health care for the community, which included a medical care center in the North Lawndale neighborhood named after Spurgeon Winters. Alprentice Bunchy Carter formed South Californias chapter of the BPP in early 1968, and helped grow the party at a high rate. If the stars properly align, he will talk about For Love Of The Game being the best baseball movie of all time. The memos requesting authorization for ONeals bonus became crucial evidence showing a link between the FBI and the raid on Hamptons apartment, since they explicitly said that ONeals information had been used in the raid and demonstrated that the bureau considered it a success. Remembering one of fashions most problematic faves, Karl Lagerfeld. Tone Tank asOfficer Carcetti: A cop who taunts the Black Panthers and inadvertently starts a shoot-out. On July 17, 1969, Roberson, returning from work with another Black Panther named Grady Moore, encountered two policemen interrogating a group of Black men about a burglary and got into an argument with the police over whether they were investigating or just harassing residents. "[40], Pete Hammond from Deadline Hollywood and Karen Han from Slate both compared various themes in the film to those found in The Trial of the Chicago 7 (released the year before), with Hammond saying that "King skillfully lays out each side of the equation in this raw and exciting account set in 1968". Amari Cheatom, who plays Collins in Judas and the Black Messiah is another member of the films cast that has appeared in a number of culturally significant movies over the years. Plemons career has taken him from Paul Walkers younger brother in the 1999 football drama Varsity Blues which he followed with a big role on the 2006 television adaptation of Friday Night Lights. Pictures. [17] The same day, another soundtrack consisting of incorporated songs, were released under the title Judas and the Black Messiah: The Inspired Album. [38] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale, while 87% of filmgoers at PostTrak gave it a positive score (with an average 4.5 out of 5 stars) and 74% saying they would definitely recommend it. The events surrounding the Dec. 4, 1969, deaths of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are the most contested scenes in the entire movie, primarily because they were the subject of an extensive cover-up effort from the Chicago Police Department, the Cook County States Attorneys Office, and the FBI. Lil Rel Howery as Wayne: A mysterious figure who confronts William at a bar. In 1969, Seale was put on trial for allegations of stoking violence during the 1968 Democratic Convention (as seen in The Trial of the Chicago 7). (ONeal did manage a gas station in Maywood, but it doesnt seem to have been a gift from the FBI.) Prior to her appearance in the Judas and the Black Messiah, in which she plays Black Panther Party member Judy Harmon, Dominique Thorne only appeared in one movie: If Beale Street Could Talk. She and her son, Fred Hampton Jr., consulted on Judas and the Black Messiah. The mysterious and once perilous life of William O`Neal, 40, a key federal government informant who infiltrated the Black Panthers in the late 1960s, ended in Maywood earlier this week when he. The Blackstone Rangers were meeting at a church during this period, but it was the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago, which was an active congregation (and still is).
jimmy palmer black panther
Read Time:1 Second