Scottish king, Robert I, advanced against Edward's army to reclaim the Scottish land and Stirling castle. There, Bruces surviving followers desperately tried to shield him from a hail of arrows from English longbows and from the charging knights of King Edward II. The battle was now raging, with most of the armies engaged. Scotland had been all but conquered. Historians still debate why the Scots attempted to takeIreland. Members of his family were taken prisoner by the English. But Brown argues that Bruces accomplishments werent diminished by the Act of Union. Chris Pine stars as the Netflix films eponymous hero, who secures his countrys independence but leaves behind a tangled legacy. However, Lamberton came from a family associated with the Balliol-Comyn faction and his ultimate allegiances are unknown. Bruce was able to release his family from captivity. Only a few foot soldiers escaped to England. [3] The English invasion campaign had subdued most of the country by August and, after removing the Stone of Destiny from Scone Abbey and transporting it to Westminster Abbey, Edward convened a parliament at Berwick, where the Scottish nobles paid homage to him as King of England. The new visitor center of the battle site is now called Bannockburn Visitor Center. In January, the Scots drew up a draft treaty agreeing to recognise the elderly and childless Edward Balliol as King, so long as David II would be his heir and David would leave France to live in England. They worked their way north, taking castles and attacking where possible using the quick raiding style of Wallace. He took castles not by the normal means of lengthysieges,butby stealth and small numbers of men. However, the Battle of Bannockburn was a major event in Scottish history. According to legend, he threw the casket holding Bruces heart ahead of him before entering the fray, declaring, Lead on brave heart, Ill follow thee. Bruces heart was ultimately retrieved and interred at Melrose Abbey, while the rest of his body was laid to rest in the royal mausoleum at Dunfermline Abbey. It was replaced with a new one, inspired by Scotland's traditional buildings, that was created by Hall and Reiach Architects. Heres What Actually Happened After The End Of Braveheart. What happened during the Battle of the Somme? Although Wallace had led the Scots to victory at Stirling and became the Guardian of Scotland,hesuffered a terrible defeat at Falkirk in 1298, which tarnished his reputation. So, in just nine years, the kingdom so hard won by Robert the Bruce had been shattered and had recovered. His tactics proved very effective and by 1314 Bruce had regained all castles in Scotland from English hands and only one remained: the crucial castle at Stirling. Robert the Bruce realised the importance of the castle and although wary of a pitched battle, met Edward's army at a place on the southern approaches to Stirling Castle, at Bannockburn. The Battle of Bannockburn was a resounding Scottish victory, allowing Bruce to shift his campaign to the north of England. This does not influence our choices. Edward Bruce made an agreement which stated that if by mid-summer the castle was not relieved, then it would be handed over to the Scottish. A disastrous reign Edward's reign was a disaster. This is the earliest known depiction of the battle. Please note: prices are correct and items are available at the time the article was published. The Battle of Bannockburn (Blr Allt a' Bhonnaich in Scottish Gaelic) (24 June 1314) was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. According to the movie Braveheart, Scotland won its freedom at the Battle of Bannockburn, inspired by the demise of William Wallace nearly a decade earlier. But Bannockburn didn't end the Wars of Scottish Independence, and Wallace wasn't exactly an inspiring figure to the Scottish army by 1314. The decisive English victory shattered Wallaces coalition and destroyed his reputation as a general. The English army was attempting to lift the Siege of Stirling Castle . A depiction of the Battle of Bannockburn from a 1440s manuscript of Walter Bowers Scotichronicon. However, many English foot soldiers were killed when fleeing the battle and What happened during the Battle of Kadesh? The English army were wavering and it was here that the famous intervention of the "camp followers" happened. The original monument building was closed on October 31, 2012, for demolition. What happened after the Battle of Adrianople? The 'Disinherited' landed at Kinghorn in Fife on 6 August. In November, Edward III invaded again, but he accomplished little and retreated in February 1335 due primarily to his failure to bring the Scots to battle. He of course knew what was happening and Balliol probably did homage in secret before leaving, but Balliol's desperate scheme must have seemed doomed to failure. After a period of convalescence, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he was held prisoner for eleven years, during which time Scotland was ruled by his nephew, Robert Stewart, 7th High Steward. Although Norway never acted, the Franco-Scottish alliance, later known as the Auld Alliance, was renewed frequently until 1560. However, Robert's political rivals suffered in Scotland. On March 25, 1306, he was invested with the Scottish kingship in a surprisingly elaborate ceremony held at Scone Abbey. After Robert Bruce killed Sir Henry de Bohun on the first day of the battle, the English withdrew for the day. That night, Sir Alexander Seton, a Scottish noble serving in Edward's army, defected to the Scottish side and informed King Robert of the English camp's low morale, telling him they could win. The Battle of Bannockburn was fought June 23-24, 1314, during the First War of Scottish Independence (1296-1328). She has also been a part of some notable projects, including Design, Analysis, and Fabrication of Morphing Wing, where she worked on new age morphing technology and used the concept of corrugated structures to develop high-performance aircraft, and Study on Shape Memory Alloys and Crack Analysis Using Abaqus XFEM that focused on 2-D and 3-D crack propagation analysis using Abaqus. He was forced to step down from his position, and his son, Edward III, who was only 14 years, old became the King of England in January 1327. What happened during the Battle of Anzio? The Battle of Bannockburn, fought on 24 June 1314, was one of the most famous events in the wars of independence. By Neil Ritchie. However, the Battle of Bannockburn was a major event in Scottish history. Unlike the English cavalry, the Scottish cavalry was likely unequipped to charge on enemy lines. Edward soon made it clear that he regarded the country as a vassal state. What happened after the Battle of Cowpens? When the spider finally succeeded, it inspired Bruce to launch a second wave of rebellion. Only 14,000 Roman soldiers escaped, and 10,000 more were captured; the rest were killed. Islamic Center of Cleveland is a non-profit organization. What happened after the Battle of the Bulge? What happened at the Battle of Bannockburn? He achieves more, but in some ways his hands are dirtier., Braveheart famously depicts Bruce (played by Angus MacFayden) betraying Wallace during the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, then having a change of heart and rescuing the downed Scots leader from the wrath of the English. Walter had distinguished himself as a commander at the Battle of Bannockburn, and was the man entrusted by Bruce to bring his family home for their English captivity. The Battle of Bannockburn took place after King Edward II invaded Scotland. Many pieces of evidence indicate that he, for many years after abdicating from the throne, lived in Italy. To a large extent, it was this battle which made Robert the Bruce the legend he is in modern-day Scotland. The English, however, learned of their location, sieged the castle, andcaptured Robert's family, holdinghis wife, daughter, and sisters captive for nearly a decade. However, this independence was short-lived when the successor of Edward II, King Edward III, won a decisive battle at Halidon Hill. Although Edward III invaded again, he was becoming more anxious over the possible French invasion, and by late 1336, the Scots had regained control over virtually all of Scotland and by 1338 the tide had turned. Edward therefore refused to allow Balliol to invade Scotland from across the River Tweed. On 11 June, acting as the Lord Paramount of Scotland, Edward I ordered that every Scottish royal castle be placed temporarily under his control and every Scottish official resign his office and be re-appointed by him. What happened after the Battle of France? He spent the winter in hiding, perhaps on an island off the western coast, and, according to a popular but likely apocryphal tale, passed the hours by observing a spider in a cave. Balliol's success surprised Edward III, and fearing that Balliol's invasion would eventually fail leading to a Scots invasion of England, he moved north with his army. The Scots were greatly outnumbered and yet they won the day. After another campaign in 1303/1304, Stirling Castle, the last major Scottish-held stronghold, fell to the English, and in February 1304, negotiations led to most of the remaining nobles paying homage to Edward and to the Scots all but surrendering. The Battle of Bannockburn Visitor Center is run by the National Trust for Scotland and is open to visitors daily between March and October. The news of their advance had preceded them, and, as they marched towards Perth, they found their route barred by a large Scottish army, mostly of infantry, under the new Guardian. These lands were further purchased in 1960 and 1965 to promote visitor access. In the late autumn of 1335, Strathbogie, dispossessed Earl of Atholl, and Edward III set out to destroy Scottish resistance by dispossessing and killing the Scottish freeholders. The centre doesn't contain a museum per se, because there are no artifacts. These men were Welsh spearmen who were guided by Sir Maurice de Berkley, their commander. It is said by some sources that Wallace travelled to France and fought for the French King against the English during their own ongoing war while Bishop Lamberton of St Andrews, who gave much support to the Scottish cause, went and spoke to the pope. Where did the battle of Bannockburn take place? What we suggest is selected independently by the Kidadl team. What happened after the Battle of Waterloo? After her death, there were 13 rivals for succession. Brown offers a more sympathetic reading that attributes the act of unpremeditated violence to personal antagonism between Bruce and Comyn. The English outnumbered Bruces men by 3,000 to 600, according to Barbours poem, but were wary to ride directly into the Scottish warriors spears. Bruce's action on the eve of the main battled acted as an inspiration to his army. "It is in truth not for glory, nor riches, nor honours, that we are fighting, but for freedom - for that alone, which no honest man gives up but with life itself.". After the Declaration of Arbroath failed to secure recognition of the independence of Scotland by the Pope, the Edinburgh-Northampton treaty occurred in 1328. Thanks for your feedback. The kings epitaph, somewhat ironically, declared Bruce the unconquered Robert, blessed king [who] brought to freedom / the Kingdom of the Scots.. Following this, Strathbogie moved to lay siege to Kildrummy Castle, held by Lady Christian Bruce, sister of the late King Robert and wife of the Guardian, Andrew de Moray. They eventually reached Dunbar Castle and took a ship to Berwick. Comyn appears to have thought to get both the lands and the throne by betraying Bruce to the English. The Battle of Bannockburn changed the balance of power between Scotland and England, andafter capturing multiple English noblemen, Robertsuccessfully traded them back to England in exchange for his four family members. After waging a campaign in the southwest in the early 1300s, Bruce surrendered to Edward I in 1302, fearing the possible return of John Balliol to Scotland as King. Hint An English victory and annihilation of Scotland's army The Castle garrison took the field and drove off the Scottish forces Both armies withdrew from the field with heavy losses A decisive Scots victory over a larger English force 10. Both John Comyn of Badenoch and Edward Comyn of Kilbride were killed at Bannockburn. This is where Outlaw King picks up. Your Privacy Rights The wars were part of a great crisis for Scotland and the period became one of the most defining times in its history. Robert the Bruce only had a little support before the battle was fought in Scotland. There is little information about his career until the year 1306. The English army could not ignore this, and Edward II requested 25,000 infantry, several of whom were equipped with longbows, and 2,000 armored English cavalrymen. Ormond Beach Gift Shops, What happened directly after the Battle of Bannockburn? After this incident, Scotland was invaded by King Edward II. Meilan Solly is Smithsonian magazine's associate digital editor, history. Lists about the true stories that inspired books, films, TV, and other stories you think you know. Edward III also had the support of a group of Scottish nobles, led by Balliol and Henry Beaumont, known as the 'Disinherited'. John Comyn continued battling the English until February 1304, when he negotiated peace terms that restored Scotlands laws, usages, customs and liberties and provided for a representative assembly. The two leading competitors for the Scottish crown were Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale (grandfather of the future King Robert the Bruce) and John Balliol, Lord of Galloway. WebBattle of Bannockburn, (June 2324, 1314) Decisive battle in Scottish history, at which the Scots under Robert the Bruce (later Robert I) defeated the English under Edward II. The Battle of Bannockburn, fought on 23 and 24 June 1314, After Bannockburn Robert the Bruce became a national hero. Disheartened by his military and personal losses, Bruce allegedly saw echoes of his struggle in the spiders repeated attempts to swing itself from one corner to another. In 1324, Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray was sent to meet the Pope in person at his court in Avignon. What happened at the Battle of Agincourt? Bruce was to use the tactic of the schiltrom as Wallace had done. It is estimated the English lost about 3,000 men in the battle, and Scotland around 100. The following month, the Scots faced off with de Valence once again, this time at Loudoun Hill. Stirling Castle was one of the extremely important castles captured by the English because it controlled the route north to the Scottish Highlands. In October, Sir Archibald Douglas, now Guardian of Scotland, made a truce with Balliol, supposedly to let the Scottish Parliament assemble and decide who their true king was. An agreement was made that should Stirling Castle not be relieved by midsummer 1314, it would be handed over to Robert the Bruce. While the legend is strong, the factual basis is weak and inconclusive. We also link to other websites, but are not responsible for their content. In both the film and historical record, 1307 marks a turning point in Scotlands drive for independence. Literally catching the English napping, Robert was able to position himself in front of the english who soon matched his formation. At a certain point, Michael Penman writes in Robert the Bruce, it becomes difficult to trace the Scottish kings movements. English archers began to have some success but Robert the Bruce instructed his cavalry to charge on them. Bruce's army lacked armor and was poorly trained, with the majority of them being Scottish spearmen. When they refused, he gave the claimants three weeks to agree to his terms, knowing that by then his armies would have arrived and the Scots would have no choice. This treaty stated that English Empire recognized the complete independence of the Scottish Empire, acknowledging Robert Bruce and his successors as the rightful rulers of Scotland. No one can say with absolute certainty what happened to him, but by 1326 he was gone. Robert thought of a strategy that was not used by William Wallace, his predecessor. Please note that Kidadl is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon. Bruce then rallied the Scottish prelates and nobles behind him and had himself crowned King of Scots at Scone less than five weeks after the killing in Dumfries. Bruces transformation from the much derided King Hob, or King Nobody, to protector of Scotland happened slowly and is more nuanced than suggested by Outlaw King, which compresses the historical timeline and tends to skirt unsavory aspects of Bruces personality in favor of presenting a conflicted, even reluctant ruler. Learn about the origins of this conflict and how Scotland finally became a free nation in this lesson. In 1320, the Declaration of Arbroath was sent by a group of Scottish nobles to the Pope affirming Scottish independence from England. Her husband moved his small army quickly to her relief although outnumbered by some five to one. He was murdered by Bruce in 1306, precipitating a bloody civil war, one which Bannockburn largely brought to an end. His son, another John, was killed in the battle. Edward II was the only surviving son of Edward I, succeeding his father in 1307. What happened at the Battle of Kasserine Pass? They were not released until 1310. You have subscribed to: Remember that you can always manage your preferences or unsubscribe through the link at the foot of each newsletter. What happened at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071? He went with Edward Bruce on campaign in Ireland in 131518 and died What happened before the Battle of Chickamauga? Further campaigns by Edward in 1300 and 1301 led to a truce between the Scots and the English in 1302. However, several men were killed by both the pursuing army and residents of the countryside, which they passed through. On this day in Scottish History. He was also well-known for his defeat in the Battle of Bannockburn. Thefight for independencecontinued on for another 14 yearsthrough famine, civil war, and political upheaval. The Battle of Bannockburn was fought on June 23 and June 24, 1314. Still, McKenzie tells the Hollywood Reporter, Hes a complicated hero. Although the Scottish were victorious in this war, they did not gain independence until 1328. The exchange of these nobles released Robert's sisters (Mary Bruce and Christian Bruce), wife (Elizabeth de Burgh), daughter (Marjorie Bruce), and the Bishop of Glasgow (Robert Wishart), which ended their eight years of English imprisonment. Another attraction created near the monument is a multiplayer game. Three of his four brothers fell into English hands and were hung, drawn and quartered. Above the possible field of the battle, a modern monument was built, where the warring groups were thought to have camped the day before the battle. WebWhat started the Battle of Bannockburn? Bruce's opposing force numbered only about 5,500. Robert the Bruce then sent Sir Robert Keith and 500 horse to scatter the English and Welsh archers, before ordering the schiltrons forward. Many in Northern England turned to eating horses and dogs to survive, while some wererumored to have resorted to cannibalism. Scottish Wars of Independence - events after bannockburn. Bruce died on June 7, 1329, just one month shy of his 55th birthday. Hed arranged to meet longtime opponent John the Red Comyn at a priory in Dumfries in southern Scotland, ostensibly to discuss certain business touching them both, but quickly changed tactics, accused Comyn of treachery and struck him down. The battles was turning in Bruce's favour. Bruce Family - Battle of Bannockburn | History, Casualties, & Facts | Brit Zakat ul Fitr. Archibald Douglas attempted to relieve the town in July, but was defeated and killed at the Battle of Halidon Hill. After Bannockburn, he closed the gates of Stirling Castle against King Edward and joined Bruce. What happened at the "Showdown at Canossa"? This position dominated the old Roman road, which headed south to Stirling castle (the road the opposite army had to take if they were to free Stirling Castle). In May, an English army under Henry of Lancaster invaded, followed in July by another army under King Edward. However, David II rejected the peace proposal and any further truces. What was the outcome of the Battle of Bannockburn? Secondly, it ended the Anglo-French war of 1213-14. The English soldiers that were killed at Bannockburn were buried with full honors as per their ranks. What happened after the Battle of Naseby? Giles d'Argentan and Aymer de Valence soon understood that the English had lost the battle and that they must lead Edward II to a safe place. Isabella Buchan crowning Robert the Bruce at Scone. In the weeks between killing Comyn and ascending to the throne, Bruce rallied support in southwest Scotland. Battle of Bannockburn: Day Two. Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, After suffering huge defeats and tragic personal losses, Robert the Bruce gathers his forces still loyal to the outlaw King of Scots. Although the English refused to recognise the fact until the treaty of Northampton 14 years later, Bannockburn set the seal on Scotland's bid for freedom. We will always aim to give you accurate information at the date of publication - however, information does change, so its important you do your own research, double-check and make the decision that is right for your family. Watson summarizes Bruces legacy best, concluding in Traitor, Outlaw, King that its natural to suspect the warrior kings motives. Robert II of Scotland. Following Edward's return to England, the remaining leaders of the Scots resistance chose Sir Andrew Murray as Guardian. There have been several stories regarding Wallace and what he did after the Battle of Falkirk. Edward II was King of England from 1307-1327. Declared a fugitive for both his sacrilege and breach of fealty, Bruce had little to lose by going one step further and seizing the crown. The war began in earnest with Edward I's brutal sacking of Berwick in March 1296, followed by the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Dunbar and the abdication of John Balliol in July. On 10 February 1306, during a meeting between Bruce and Comyn, the two surviving claimants for the Scottish throne, Bruce quarrelled with and killed John Comyn at Greyfriars Kirk in Dumfries. What happened at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. When they refused he deprived them of their titles and lands, granting them to his allies. Wallace's schiltrons, though proved incredibly successful in melee encounters,were outnumbered and outranged by English longbowmen. But he then learned his target was still alive and sent several men back to finish the bloody task. In fact, he says, the legendary king came to be the guarantor of Scottish liberties within the united realm. Starring Chris Pine as the titular character, Outlaw King picks up roughly where Braveheart left off, chronicling Wallaces downfall, Bruces subsequent rise and the middle years of the First War of Scottish Independence. A messenger carrying documents from Comyn to Edward was captured by Bruce and his party, plainly implicating Comyn. After a bloody, three-year campaign in Ireland, Edward perished during a 1318 clash. The Battle of Bannockburn happened in 1314 just outside of Stirling, Scotland. After the Battle of Bannockburn, the Scottish won independence from England and Edward II's armies returned to Britain. He and his men immediately started military action against the English forces. Edward's ploy worked, and the claimants to the crown were forced to acknowledge Edward as their Lord Paramount and accept his arbitration. Several medieval battles only lasted for a few hours, so it is unusual that this battle lasted for two days. A 25-year truce was agreed and in 1369, the treaty of 1365 was cancelled and a new one set up to the Scots' benefit, due to the influence of the war with France. David gladly accepted and personally led a Scots army southwards with intention of capturing Durham. In April 1333, Edward III and Balliol, with a large English army, laid siege to Berwick. Together, they ravaged much of the north-east and sacked Elgin and Aberdeen, while a third army ravaged the south-west and the Clyde valley. He waited and then made his move for the throne in 1306. By the time she completed her B.E. In sight of their enemy they fell to their knees to pray. Robert the Bruce was crowned as king on March 25, 1306. Another treaty with King Eric II of Norway was hammered out, in which for the sum of 50,000 groats he would supply 100 ships for four months of the year, so long as hostilities between France and England continued. There are also a number of myths that surround Bruces famed victory at Bannockburn which he fought against Edward II, in a swamp near Stirling, and was saved at the last minute by a force of Templar knights. It is around this time that the legend of Bruce and the spider comes from. Before his death, Bruce asked longtime friend James Black Douglas (Outlaw Kings Aaron Taylor-Johnson plays the Scottish lord with frenetic fervor) to bring his heart on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine [Bruce] was utterly consistent, utterly ruthless and utterly convinced that he should be the king of Scots, she says, arguing that his ever-changing allegiances reflected, in his point of view, an entirely consistent means of achieving this singular goal. The rest of Edward's army tried to escape Bannockburn's massacre towards the English border around 90 mi (140 km) away. For more than 40 years, Scotland fought against neighboring England in order to become independent. Also on that day an incident occurred that showed Robert the Bruce's bravery and personal skill in combat. It saw the Scottish king, Robert the Bruce, win Emboldened by the truce, Balliol dismissed most of his English troops and moved to Annan, on the north shore of the Solway Firth. The meeting certainly proved, in Watsons words, that even if Bruce had been excommunicated by the pope for the murder of John Comyn, God could still favor him.. Edward Bruce continued his campaign through IrelandandRobert's army made its way through Northern England. Emissaries were immediately dispatched to inform King Philip IV of France of the intentions of the English. What happened at the Battle of Austerlitz? 10 reviews of The Battle Of Bannockburn "A good value for 5, especially if you are a history buff. However, this seems to have been no more than a rather dishonest attempt to re-negotiate the ransom since David knew perfectly well that Parliament would reject such an arrangement out of hand. The English cavalry charged, but came up against a schiltrom. Edward II is reported to have gloated saying "They kneel for mercy!" He then began a new campaign to free his kingdom. By this point, Edward I was long gonehe died in July 1307, leaving his infamously inept son Edward II in controland it was his grandson Edward III, newly ascended to the throne in place of his deposed father, who actually agreed to Bruces terms. The treaty would be sealed by the arranged marriage of John's son Edward and Philip's niece Joan. If you purchase using the buy now button we may earn a small commission. What happened at the Battle of Gaugamela? The independence was not Our experts can answer your tough homework and study questions. Then, the English tried to deploy both their English and Welsh longbowmen to flank the Scottish men who were approaching; however, they were scattered by 500 cavalries under Sir Robert Keith. In 1315, Edward Bruce, the possible brother of Scotland's new king, invaded Ireland. He continued raids on northern England, and expeditions to Ireland were also carried out. LEARNING INTENTIONS Describe events after Bannockburn which helped achieve Scotlands independence Describe the role in these events of the Declaration of Arbroath and the Treaty of Edinburgh. The battle of Bannockburn was fought by King Robert I and King Edward II. During the height of the showdown between Robert and Edward II,extended winter conditions spread across Europe, which caused heavy torrential rainfall. However, many involved were churchmen such as Bishop Wishart for whom such mitigation cannot be claimed.[1]. Edward II was refused entry to the castle and headed for Dunbar and escape. In quest of glory, Sir Henry advanced on the monarch with a lowered lance in classic medieval jousting fashion. What happened at the Battle of Bladensburg? 3 Dimensional Meaning In Tamil, Michael Brown, a historian at Scotlands University of St. Andrews, says that Wallace is remembered as the disinterested patriotic hero whose only concern was the liberty and protection of his fellow Scots. Comparatively, Bruce is a successful politician. The Battle of Bannockburn experience puts you at the heart of the action so you can discover more about this crucial event in Scottish history. Kidadl is supported by you, the reader. Others, however, have suggested thatRobert was trying to get his brother out of the picture by sending him on a poorly planned campaign designed to fail. He was to be proven wrong. After this battle, he was considered a national hero. Check your inbox for your latest news from us. What happened to Sitting Bull after the Battle of LittleBbighorn? Bruce's reserve force was deployed. What happened at the Battle of Little Round Top? "As long as but a hundred of us remain alive, never will we on any conditions be brought under English rule," the Declaration stated. He supposedly gained inspiration to keep going from watching a spider attempting again and again to make its web. Islamic Center of Cleveland serves the largest Muslim community in Northeast Ohio. The circumstances of the murder also led Pope Clement V to excommunicate Bruce, complicating his already uncertain path forward. In 1313, King Robert I demanded that all his followers, still loyal to John Balliol, the Scottish king, either acknowledge Robert I as king or lose their lands. morton howard son, essex county brady list,
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