Lehnen, R.G., and A.J. Many people do not enumerate events, even when we might expect the question to lead them to do so. Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email. Visher 1986 Criminal Careers and Career Criminals. There are no perfectly valid measures, but some measures are more valid than others. Learn more about this topic in our most recent guide, Value of Self-Reported Population Health Data: Tips for Gathering Reliable, Actionable Insights.. This allows us to assess criterion validity from early adolescence (the average age at wave 2 is 14) to early adulthood (the average age at wave 12 is 22). 1964 An empirical test of differential association theory. There is no strong underlying expectation that the responses will be highly intercorrelated, and therefore an internal consistency approach to assessing reliability may not be particularly appropriate. It is crucial that more is learned about the magnitude of this bias and, if it exists, its source. Reiss, A.J., Jr., and A.L. Drug Use Forecasting 1990 Drug Use Forecasting Annual Report: Drugs and Crime in America. Individuals who have been arrested and brought to central booking stations are interviewed and asked to provide urine specimens. A psychiatrist asks questions until he knows the answers he is seeking, but screening tests must be designed for administration by non-specialists, with minimal preparation. Anderson, L.S., T.G. Achenbach, T.M. 1987 Toward an interactional theory of delinquency. In Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior, D. Olweus, J. The coefficients for the early waves are similar to those reported in previous studies of adolescents (e.g., Hindelang et al., 1981). The interviewer asks a sensitive question (e.g., Have you ever smoked marijuana?) with the following special instruction: Before answering, please flip a coin. Some of them involve the construction of valid measures at different developmental stages; others involve the consequences of repeated measures. For behaviors that are more sporadic, on the other hand, it is better to ask decompositional questions (i.e., to help the respondent by breaking the problem up into chunks). One reason for the use of computer-assisted data collection that is particularly relevant for this paper is its potential for collecting sensitive information in a manner that increases the confidentiality of responses. Menard and Elliott (1993) reexamined this issue using both NYS and MTF data. Loeber, R., D.P. Unfortunately, only 45 minutes elapsed between the test and the retest, so it is quite possible the retest responses were strongly influenced by memory effects. A special effort was made to ensure that each child understood the question by preceding each behavior with a series of questions to ascertain whether the respondent knew the meaning of the behavior. Social Problems 20(2):209-229. In Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention, and Service Needs, R. Loeber and D.P. Los Angeles: Kluwer Academic Publishers. A measure is valid to the extent to which it measures the concept you set out to measure and nothing else. Can a logical case be made that self-report measures of delinquency are valid in this respect? For African American males, however, the correlation is at best moderate. Lauritsen, J.L. In addition to concern over construct continuity in applying the technique to different-aged respondents, researchers need to consider the possibility of panel or testing effects. The Science of Self-Report. Self-reported data is collected when individuals directly respond to questions about their own health status and behaviors. Interestingly, out of scores of possible questions, he has been able to narrow the survey to six very robust questions! Weitekamp (1989) has criticized self-report studies for being primarily concerned with the adolescent years and simply using the same items for adults. While mindful of the limitations of internal consistency approaches, Hindelang and colleagues (1981) reported Cronbachs alpha coefficients for a variety of demographic subgroups and for the ever-variety, last-year variety, and last-year frequency scores. Farrington, D.P., D. Jolliffe, J.D. Third, items or questions must be sampled from that range so that the ones that appear on the test are representative of the underlying concept. In general, self-report measures of delinquency and crime, especially the more recent longer inventories, appear to have a high degree of construct validity. Affect, in turn, modifies pain tolerance: A negative mood decreases tolerance for experimental pain in the cold pressor test, and affect at the time of pain influences the later recall of the intensity of the pain. One of the larger undertakings on a national level is the National Youth Survey (NYS), conducted by Elliott and colleagues (1985). Sellin, T. 1931 The basis of a crime index. -Persons are asked directly through personal interviews, telephone, questionnaires about criminal activity to which the group to be studied is already gathered . Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16:87-100. The similarities and differences in our understanding of criminal career parameters in self-report data and official data are just beginning to be investigated. Maxfield et al. Their self-report inventory was quite extensive, consisting of 69 items divided into the following major subindices: official contact index, serious crime index, delinquency index, drug index, and school and family offenses index. 1986 Reassessing the reliability and validity of self-report delinquent measures. The parents and teachers of these children also were surveyed using a combination of the appropriate CBCL and delinquency items. Finally, we recommend that methodological studies be done in a cross-cutting fashion so that several of these issuesreliability and validity, improved item selection, assessing panel biascan be investigated simultaneously. Second, based on the results of the tests of criterion validity, there appears to be a substantial degree of either concealing or forgetting past criminal behavior. Esbensen 1998 Some not so boring findings from the Denver Youth Survey. This downward trajectory in the rate of delinquent behavior for all age cohorts is not consistent with theoretical expectations or with what is generally known about the age-crime curve. Having instead to resort to chemical testing for glucose is often impractical. If a subject reports self-destructive behavior, should the researcher intervene? Nye, F.I., J.F. For example, for stealing something worth $5 to $50, the rate for 15-year-olds dropped by 50 percent for 15-year-olds from wave 1 to wave 4. Psychologist Daniel Kahneman of the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University studies the memory of pain, as in painful medical procedures. Broder, P.K., and J. Zimmerman 1978 Establishing the Reliability of Self-Reported Delinquency Data. Criminology 34:493-517. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Its also one of the only reliable ways to collect lifestyle information, which is critical to understanding not only a persons history of health, but their future health. Victim and self-report surveys are different from crime reports, in that crime reports such as the UCR are comprised of known offenses, crimes that have been reported to authority. Hardt, R.H., and S. Petersen-Hardt 1977 On determining the quality of the delinquency self-report method. Burlington: University of Vermont. 1958 Extent of unrecorded juvenile delinquency: Tentative conclusions. For example, respondents have included as thefts such pranks as hiding a classmates books in the respondents locker between classes, or as serious assault events that are really roughhousing between siblings. Krohn, M.D., T.P. Nevertheless, most of the test-retest correlations are above 0.9. 347-369 in Cross-National Research in Self-Reported Crime and Delinquency, M.W. Hathaway, R.S., E.D. Bedlington, K.A. The UCR and the NCVS are first and foremost both types of crime reports collected by various agencies. McRae, Jr., R.E. Focusing on the relationship between delinquent behavior and the socioeconomic status of the adolescents parents, Nye et al. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. American Sociological Review 44:636-655. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Comparison of Self-Report and Official Data for Measuring Crime, Appendix B: List of Workshop Participants. Harrison, J.A. Yet, through the first half of the twentieth century, our understanding of the behavior of criminals and those who reacted to crime was based almost entirely on official data. 1987 Parent-referred problem three-year-olds: Developmental changes in symptoms. Anderson and J.A. American Journal of Sociology 63:381-389. Changing the measure over time, however, creates its own set of problems, especially for the study of change. aThe associations between self-reported delinquency/drug use and official arrests are not reported for white subjects due to empty cells and/or expected cell frequencies of less than 5 in 9 of the 11 waves. 1981 Measuring Delinquency. Gold, M. 1966 Undetected delinquent behavior. They also estimated reliability coefficients for frequency scores and variety scores. A new Cato national survey finds that self censorship is on the rise in the United States. Sociological Quarterly 4:135-149. The other major assessment of the psychometric properties of the self-report method was conducted by Huizinga and Elliott (1986) using data from the NYS. Aquilino, W.S. First, the domain of the concept must be defined clearly and fully. Nevertheless, current scales seem to have acceptable levels of content and construct validity. The technology was soon adapted to the personal interview setting with either the interviewer administering the schedule, the computer-assisted personal interview, or the respondent self-administering the schedule by reading the questions on the computer screen and entering the responsesthe computer-assisted self-administered interview (CASI). Putting this all together, it could be concluded that for most analytical purposes, self-reported measures are acceptably accurate and valid. Three studies have examined testing effects in the use of self-report. These predictions can be followed with police intervention to prevent crime. Graham 1982 Preschool to School: A Behavioural Study. The NYS began in 1976 by surveying a national probability sample of 1,725 youth ages 11 through 17. Jensen, G.F., and R. Eve 1976 Sex differences in delinquency. Weis, J.G., and D.V. To examine this issue more systematically, Brame, Bushway, Paternoster, and Thornberry (2001) used both self-report data and official data on subjects in the Rochester Youth Development Study. The development of instruments to better measure serious offenses and the suggestion to acquire data from high-rate offenders coincided with a substantive change in the 1980s in the focus of much criminology work on the etiology of offenders. The data for waves 2 through 9 cover six-month periods. Van Kammen, and D.P. Many individual items are required to represent the entire domain of delinquent behavior, to represent each of its subdomains, and to ensure that each subdomain (e.g., violence, drug use) is itself adequately represented. Waldo, ed. This approach is quite straightforward. People can import true memories from other events, thereby giving their false event memories seeming credibility, people can forget the source of a memory by wrongly attributing the memory of a fantasy to memory of a real event, and people make up completely unfounded facts, as well. Maxfield, M.G., B.L. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 32:506-509. Also, the randomized response technique generated random errors; that is, the errors were not correlated with other important variables. Separate models were estimated for violent and property offenses, for self-report and official data, and for the younger (<13) and older (>14) groups in the Rochester sample, yielding a total of eight models. Hepburn, J.R. 1976 Testing alternative models of delinquency causation. For all respondents there was about 10 percent less error in the randomized response technique. Christensen, R. 1997 Log-Linear Models and Logistic Regression, 2nd ed. Nevertheless, there does seem to be some evidence of differential validity across racial groups. There are no strong developmental trends across time for any of the three groups. For example, before undertaking a study on the attitudes of teenagers toward dangerous behaviors, researchers should consider what they will do if they find out that a teenager is contemplating suicide, or is using heroin.
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