Lu has previously acknowledged being part of the wolf warrior class of Chinese diplomats, a nickname given to envoys who respond vehemently to critics they perceive as hostile to China. The conquest of Ethiopia prompted Fascists to set harsher boundaries of who could be assimilated and who could not. 80-81 - What threat did the US pose to this 'new' Cuba? Summarise Castro's rise to power in terms of: - conditions faced; mistakes + weaknesses of others, Compare and contrast the role of propaganda in the emergence of two authoritarian states, each from different regions. Course: World History Project - 1750 to the Present, World History Project - 1750 to the Present. [2017] The NSDAP, after becoming reallowed as a political party in 1925, changed their focus and used the democratic system of the Weimar Republic to gain power. Adolf Hitler. Those that have done well may gain enhanced domestic popularity and credibility for their competence, thus reinforcing their hold on power. The German banking system collapsed, and by 1930 unemployment skyrocketed to 22%. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. But the Nazis never received more than 38% of the vote in a free national election. Many political parties had their own paramilitary units to attack opponents and intimidate voters. Numerous nondemocracies, from Russia and Iran to Venezuela and Togo, have been rocked by significant protests. These crackdowns impede effective public health responses, given that civil society can be a crucial partner to governmentsespecially for authoritarians with weak state capacity, such as those in many countries in Africa, former Soviet states, and the Middle Eastin terms of collecting and distributing accurate and timely health-related information and delivering resources and care. This document contains: The emergence of authoritarian states: Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: Economic factors. Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918-1933, NARRATOR: There were no bureaucrats to rein in the Fascists. In Turkey, where mayors in Istanbul and Ankara affiliated with the opposition party have won praise among their constituents for their responses to the pandemic, President Recep Tayyip Erdoan has actively tried to undermine them whenever possibleannouncing weekend curfews on short notice to leave the opposition mayors flat-footed, canceling charity fundraisers that the mayors organized, and shutting down opposition-run food kitchenseven at the cost of weakening the countrys broader response to the pandemic. (3) How did Castro's domestic policies affect Cuba? How did conditions in Germany and Europe at the end of World War I contribute to the rise and triumph of Nazism in Germany. Angry, aggrieved citizens are not a solid foundation for regime durability. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, 2. Mussolini came to power eleven years before Hitler did, and Italian Fascists were active as early as 1919. 2023 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. In this way, the imperialist thinking drove Italian policy in more radical directions. Germanys territory was reduced by 13%. Antisemitism (discrimination against Jews) defined Nazism in Germany, but that was not exactly the case with Italian Fascism, at least before 1938. Conditions in China before 1911 Until the 19th century, China was a very conservative nation. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies Democracy, Conflict, and Governance Program! The Fascist party wanted to crush the existing 'liberal' rulers, but Mussolini allowed many officials to continue working for the state. 'Elsewhere these groups [like the Nazis] could have been ignored and allowed to die out. Vietnams leaders, for example, responded to the countrys first confirmed infections as early as January, imposing travel restrictions and quarantines with a speed that made it a textbook case of an effective response to the public health emergency. Direct link to 121931's post How was authoritarianism , Posted 2 years ago. Germany was forced to accept full responsibility for starting the war and to pay heavy reparations. Emergence of authoritarian states. How was authoritarianism implemented in Italy? (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? Standards of behavior were changing. So while Jewish people had little to do with Ethiopia, they were affected by that policy. The early deterioration of the post-colonial African state into personalized and authoritarian rule in this manner mirrored the concerns that anchor refugee law in the first place as a special regime for persons who have well-grounded fear of persecution by reason of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or . In other words, the lack of a reasonably level playing field notwithstanding, elections are still competitivealbeit unfair. The democratic nature of the Weimar Republic paradoxically led directly to the creation of Nazi authoritarian state, as it created an environment of expression and new ideas in which Nazism flourished. The author argues that Italian Fascism never gained the level of totalitarian control the Nazis had in Germany. Power is concentrated in the hands of a single leader or a . 100. (Nov 10)), Analyse the circumstances that helpedoneright-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. In the aftermath of World War I, Germans struggled to understand their countrys uncertain future. His military leaders used chemical weapons, forced starvation, concentration camps, and mass resettlement of African Libyans to make space for Italian settlers. (Nov 2006. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. The German President Frank-Walter Steinmeier warned this year that there is a "worldwide fascination with authoritarianism".. -PACT OF STEELE formal military alliance committing Italy to fight on Germany's side in the event of war They would call their empire the "Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere". Infighting among elites also has emerged: when the mayor of Moscow took initiative in response to the virus and ordered people to stay home, users on Telegraman app that permits citizens to share information and anonymously criticize each otherlambasted him. It cannot be that two million Germans should have fallen in vain, Adolf Hitler later wrote. 93-4 - Outline the relationship between Cuba + the USSR over the 1960s. Authoritarian states (20th century) Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. Compare and contrastthe importance ofthe use of force on the emergence of twoauthstates,each from a different region, Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two AS, each from a different region. (Bay of Pigs; Cuban Missile Crisis). Although many Japanese civilians were not supportive of these military efforts, it became dangerous to question the government or the military. The fighting nourished the Fascists belief in violence as the true path to manhood. - Outline Castro's health and education policies. It is the ending of the world. Half of all Frenchmen aged 20 to 32 at wars outbreak were dead when it was over. We can see how Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and others began to attack journalists, control the flow of information, and stir up nationalism by persecuting ethnic minorities or invading desirable lands. 88-89 - What other external threats existed? Many veterans and other citizens struggled to understand Germanys defeat and the uncertain future. David has worked for two academic journals, Posted 2 years ago. - How did Cuba survive this economic crisis according to Balfour? 83 - How did Castro's policies on elections + INRA reflect this shift? Building Civil Society In Authoritarian China Importance Of . Thus, despite the spike in repressive measures that the coronavirus has produced so far, the medium- to long-term prospects for many authoritarian governments are less certain today than they were before the pandemic hit. According to . Keep in mind that when you read the article, it is a good idea to write down any vocab you see in the article that is unfamiliar to you. Examine the role of education and propaganda in the maintenance of power in Maos China. - Mussolini was arrested and executed by a group of Italian Partisans, Battle over Southern Problem: Fail (wanted to build villages in sicily) The post illustrates what we call organic online politics, or forms of digital mobilization that grow from specific rural conditions, material concerns, and repertoires of resistance.In advancing this concept, we argue that online politics are shaped not only by authoritarian repression and national political trajectories, but also by rural communities and their histories. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. 83-84 - Why did Castro try to consolidate the revolution by banning free elections and how is this regarded? (May 10 TZ2), In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler? 3. The term "totalitarian" is even credited to, Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. - Discuss this view, with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied from different regions. His research focuses on modern Europe with an emphasis on Germany and Britain from 1789 to 1918. Chinese trend for using photo of film star to get better service sweeps social media, More than 20,000 Russian soldiers killed in five months in Ukraine, US says, Chinese journalist arrested on charges of espionage, 'Democracy was hijacked. Certainly, Mussolini and the Fascists saw ethnic minorities as impediments to the creation of a purely Italian state. Although not really fascist, these governments were heavily influenced by military and industrial leaders because both sectors wanted Japan to take over territories in Asia. Amy Elizabeth Robinson is a freelance writer, editor, and historian with a Ph.D. in the History of Britain and the British Empire from Stanford University. Compare and contrast the conditions that led to the rise to power of two authoritarian/single-party leaders. (May 2007, May 2005), It was personality and not circumstances that brought rulers of single-party states to power. To what extent do you agree with this statement? In the early 1930s, the frequency of elections was dizzying. As the biggest governance test in recent memoryone that many authoritarians are failingthe pandemic and its ensuing economic devastation will turbocharge this underlying driver of global political change. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. that a minimum of three authoritarian states should be studied. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Although Chinese citizens mobilized to respond to the pandemic by using social media to procure scarce protective gear or find open hospital beds, the Chinese Communist Partys long-standing distrust of civil society has hindered potential collaboration between government officials and volunteers. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. It is hard to blind citizens slammed by a national public health emergency to the realities of weak leadership at the top and incoherent governance at local levels. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. To probe the potential political consequences of the pandemic for authoritarian regimes, it is useful to look more closely at why many have fallen short in their responses to the coronavirus. These uniforms consist of dark pants, black button up shirts, black hats, and white sashes that criss-cross over the boys bodies. Namely, that certain groups, especially Jews, could not assimilate and would have to be removed entirely so the nation could thrive. Analyse the conditions that enabledoneleft-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. 96. In recent months Beijing has tried to burnish its relationship with Europe, welcoming a string of European leaders to China. How were the Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s similar? To what extent was the role of propaganda used to consolidate and maintain . The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. They work together. States and China might entail out to 2050, the authors. 94-5. She has taught at Sonoma State University and Stanford. Leaders of trade unions and opposition parties were arrested. -Political instability. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, 2.) Unsurprisingly, the economic conditions in a nation have long played an integral role in the emergence of authoritarian states, with such an idea perfectly illustrated through the establishment of Benito Mussolini's fascist authoritarian state . Advances in the technology of killing included the use of poison gas. The theoretical framework of this study on democratic and authoritarian post-colonial states is based on an historical study of the emergence of the dominant class forces that shaped the types of regimes found in Malaysia and Indonesia. Crime was on the rise. 2. Later in the 1930s, Fascism was strengthened both by Mussolini's attempts to build an overseas empire as well as the increasing likelihood of war in Europe. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. No party was able to win a clear majority, and without political consensus, successive governments could not effectively govern the nation. (May 2005), To what extent were the social and economic policies of one of the following successful: Mao, Nasser, Stalin? Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . -Tried to limit Hitler's powers as chancellor in 1932. The Italian foreign minister, Antonio Tajani, said he also disagreed with Lus comments. In what ways did Mussolini pursue an aggressive foreign policy? With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. These decisions affected political officials, army members, peasants, ethnic minorities, artists, scientists, intellectuals, foreigners, and ordinary Soviet citizens. (May 2009. Summarise how Castro established control, and how he dealt with external and internal enemies 'Maintenance of power was reliant upon the silencing of opposition". We draw on over a decade of fieldwork in the Salween River Basin where dams and diversions have been proposed since 1979, including the most recent iteration, the Yuam . - What solutions were implemented? If two examples are required these will need to be from different regions. Photo of young Italian boys wearing Ballilla uniforms. - abortion and divorce were illegal, -Racism appeared a bit in Romanita movement: 'prestigious race' needed to create and maintain empire We engage geography's longstanding debate on what "counts" as resistance by introducing slow resistance to account for temporal-political strategies against unjust developments, particularly under authoritarian conditions. Using these definitions, evaluate which of these terms can appropriately be applied to this government. When the government chose not to intervene in this conflict, the Fascists used the fighting to gain power in the region. . Germany has awakened! 89 - How did the USA use economics to try and destabilise Castro? The democratic elections of Weimar Germany were idealistic, as they allowed representation of a wide cross-section of society in the Government. - Explain the repeated waves of escape and the establishment of Little Havana in Florida, 98-9 - Outline the use of coercion by Castro as a form of social control. (May 2007, 2005), Analyse the methods used to maintain power by either Pern or Stalin. So was the number of parties and splinter groups vying for votes. For the first time, women were working outside the home in large numbers, and the new constitution gave women the right to vote. Battle for Lira: Fail (tried to revalue Lira but artificially raised value which resulted in declining exports), -Breeders But Beijing is nonetheless working to amplify authoritarianism around the world. 87-88 - What internal threats existed to Castro and how were they dealt with? (May 06), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power of one ruler of a single-party state. 1.) The emperor Five years later they conquered Inner Mongolia as well, and a year later pushed into northern China. Among his achievements was the creation of organizations designed to make children grow up to be good Fascists. During this time, about one-third of the Communist Party's three million members were killed. As the coronavirus has spread, many political observers have warned that it is bolstering authoritarianism globally. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system, Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of propaganda, Nature, extent and treatment of opposition, The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power, Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies, The impact of policies on women and minorities, Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved. - MORE PEOPLE BIGGER ITALY 2. This had important consequences, because colonial policy in Ethiopia provided the basis for Italy's antisemitic race laws in 1938. Inflation was threatening the living standards of all Cubans, rising to 40% a year for foodstuffs whilst pay levels stagnated. 2 . He had plans to expand into the Balkans and acquire Albania as a territory. An authoritarian regime focuses on the maintenance of order at the expense of personal freedom. 99-100 - What was the Ochoa Affair and how did it affect Cuba? Sexual norms were in flux. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. 3. But we can also see similarities in the ways that they emerged. 94-5 - What economic problems did Cuba face? The de-regulation of financial capital threatens to bring us back to capitalist authoritarianism that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. The devastating economic effects of lockdown measures have pressured all governments to find a workable balance between public health concerns and citizens economic needs. Italian rule included segregation, and policies prohibited interracial relations. Lithuanias foreign minister, Gabrielius Landsbergis, said the diplomats would be asked to explain if Chinas position has changed and reminded were not post-Soviet countries but countries that were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union. Japan still had a problem of too few natural resources, and they needed minerals, timber, and oil from abroad. One senior EU diplomat said the EU needed to do better in handling relations with China and find a unified line. A major issue with the parliamentary system of Weimar Germany was the constant change of who exactly was in charge. Why do you think Mussolini was less successful than Hitler in this respect? However, their solution was "Italianization." Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . Before you read the article, you should skim it first. economic factors'. - DAMAGEdamages relationship with France and Britain In 2019, an EU policy document described China as simultaneously a partner, economic competitor and systemic rival, but different member states attach different weight to each part of that assessment. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one . Compare and contrast the methods used to maintain power in two authoritarian states, each from a different region. Hitler spoke to the SA, his army of storm troopers. Use of legal methods; use of force; charismatic leadership; dissemination of . Rightwing propaganda and demonstrations played on fears of a Communist revolution spreading from the Soviet Union. Read and make notes on: (red - conditions; weaknesses of others;black - methods, tactics used by Castro), 63-4 - 1940s Batista's Cuba + Autentico Presidencies. The unstable authoritarian pathway that so many states followed after colonial rule was . By using this website, you agree to our cookie policy. 95-6. First and foremost is a penchant for feeble rather than decisive leadership. What followed soon after were two devastating wars. In Iran, in late February as the coronavirus began spreading through the country, Shia clerics vociferously resisted government demands that major shrines be closedan encapsulation of the power of the countrys religious establishment. EU leaders are expected to discuss China policy in June after a recent trip by Emmanuel Macron exposed differences in approach towards handling Xi Jinpings authoritarian rule. It was a cataclysm that darkened the worlds view of humanity and its future. Lack of leadership. This topic focuses on exploring the conditions that facilitated the rise of authoritarian states in the 20th century, as well as the methods used by parties and leaders to take and maintain power. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Expositiona worlds fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations, and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress. The Fascists argued that in invading Libya, they were creating a new Roman Empire, thus playing to Italian nationalism. (Nov 2006), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power ofoneruler of a single-party state. By 1938, the Nazis were physically expelling some Jews and debating massive resettlement plans. 85-86 - What challenges did he face in 1959 and how did he overcome them in the years that followed? Historical Conditions. A good government without propaganda is not more possible than good propaganda without a good government. His trial brought him fame and followers. Currently, a CBI letter dated 11 April 2023 in possession of The Sunday Guardian, shows that the Bureau has called for the production of several documents from various entities on 17 April 2023 with regard to the scheme for the period between 2016 to 2019. There are still "meaningful democratic institutions" (Levitsky and Way 2010a, 20) within these erstwhile authoritarian regimes.8 What They regulated marriage and sexual intercourse between the two groups, and stripped citizenship from both Jews and Roma. Key Weaknesses Plaguing Authoritarians. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian leaders. Photo of the fascist military forces known as the Blackshirts marching down an Italian street in Parma. Effective national public health responses to the pandemic require not just clear, consistent mandates from the top, but integrated approaches in which regional and local authorities can take initiative, adapt responses to local conditions, and report critical information up the line. (May 2009), Compare and contrast the domestic policies of Hitler and Stalin up to the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1923, he was imprisoned for trying to overthrow the government. Historians Ruth Ben-Ghiat and Mia Fuller argue that the Italian colonies provided "testing grounds for strategies of governance and repression". Hitler proved to be a charismatic campaigner and used the latest technology to reach people. (Nov 2009), Analyse the methods used and the conditions which helped in the rise to power ofoneruler of a single-party state. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Beginning in 1925, Mussolini tried to strengthen the party and expand its reach. Exploiting widespread fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency rule. The Path to Nazi Genocide, NARRATOR: The Chinese embassy in Paris issued a formal statement saying Lus comments were not a policy declaration but the expression of personal viewpoints during a television interview. Yet many authoritarians instead misuse subnational governance as a flak jacketa shield for deflecting responsibility and criticism more than for solving governance challenges. The major conditions that led to an authoritarian state were treaties that were signed in the 20 th century. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. In the 1930s, the Japanese government increasingly came under the control of authoritarian governments. competitive authoritarian regimes "contest seriously for power" (2010a, 5). In Egypt and Russia, doctors who criticize or challenge the governments response to the pandemic risk detention or physical retaliation. -November criminals - stabbed in the back. Last August, he sparked outrage by suggesting Taiwanese people would need to be re-educated following a Chinese takeover of the self-ruled island, while during the Covid pandemic he suggested France was abandoning old people in nursing homes. German imperialism was long based on a theory of colonial growth, called. President Hindenburg signed a decree that suspended all basic civil rights and constitutional protections, providing the basis for arbitrary police actions. The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union dont have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement confirming their status as sovereign nations, he said. 82 - How did Castro establish his government, and what challenges arose? Citizens surging discontent toward many authoritarian countries may not necessarily translate into immediate political instability or change. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. However, he was not a, A poor harvest in 1931-32 was made worse by Soviet economic policies. Many authoritarian and authoritarian-leaning governments have not responded well to the pandemic. Yet this discouraging near-term political picture becomes less ominous, or at least less clear-cut, if one looks down the road. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. The conservative politicians in the new Cabinet didnt like or trust Hitler, but they liked democracy even less, and they saw the leftist parties as a bigger threat. With reference to Castro (Cuba) or Nasser (Egypt), to what extent did the use of force contribute tomaintenance of power? Washington, DC 20036-2103. To what extent did the structure and organization of government in Germany between 1933 and 1939 contribute to Hitlers maintenance of power? David Wong was a 20192020 James C. Gaither Junior Fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and is currently working on a digital start-up. -took over various unprofitable industries on behalf of the state, -youth groups feuded
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